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Quantum generative adversarial networks with Cirq + TensorFlow¶
Author: Nathan Killoran — Posted: 11 October 2019. Last updated: 30 January 2023.
This demo constructs a Quantum Generative Adversarial Network (QGAN) (Lloyd and Weedbrook (2018), Dallaire-Demers and Killoran (2018)) using two subcircuits, a generator and a discriminator. The generator attempts to generate synthetic quantum data to match a pattern of “real” data, while the discriminator tries to discern real data from fake data (see image below). The gradient of the discriminator’s output provides a training signal for the generator to improve its fake generated data.
Using Cirq + TensorFlow¶
PennyLane allows us to mix and match quantum devices and classical machine learning software. For this demo, we will link together Google’s Cirq and TensorFlow libraries.
We begin by importing PennyLane, NumPy, and TensorFlow.
import numpy as np
import pennylane as qml
import tensorflow as tf
We also declare a 3-qubit simulator device running in Cirq.
dev = qml.device('cirq.simulator', wires=3)
Generator and Discriminator¶
In classical GANs, the starting point is to draw samples either from some “real data” distribution, or from the generator, and feed them to the discriminator. In this QGAN example, we will use a quantum circuit to generate the real data.
For this simple example, our real data will be a qubit that has been rotated (from the starting state \(\left|0\right\rangle\)) to some arbitrary, but fixed, state.
def real(angles, **kwargs):
qml.Hadamard(wires=0)
qml.Rot(*angles, wires=0)
For the generator and discriminator, we will choose the same basic circuit structure, but acting on different wires.
Both the real data circuit and the generator will output on wire 0, which will be connected as an input to the discriminator. Wire 1 is provided as a workspace for the generator, while the discriminator’s output will be on wire 2.
def generator(w, **kwargs):
qml.Hadamard(wires=0)
qml.RX(w[0], wires=0)
qml.RX(w[1], wires=1)
qml.RY(w[2], wires=0)
qml.RY(w[3], wires=1)
qml.RZ(w[4], wires=0)
qml.RZ(w[5], wires=1)
qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 1])
qml.RX(w[6], wires=0)
qml.RY(w[7], wires=0)
qml.RZ(w[8], wires=0)
def discriminator(w):
qml.Hadamard(wires=0)
qml.RX(w[0], wires=0)
qml.RX(w[1], wires=2)
qml.RY(w[2], wires=0)
qml.RY(w[3], wires=2)
qml.RZ(w[4], wires=0)
qml.RZ(w[5], wires=2)
qml.CNOT(wires=[0, 2])
qml.RX(w[6], wires=2)
qml.RY(w[7], wires=2)
qml.RZ(w[8], wires=2)
We create two QNodes. One where the real data source is wired up to the
discriminator, and one where the generator is connected to the
discriminator. In order to pass TensorFlow Variables into the quantum
circuits, we specify the "tf" interface.
@qml.qnode(dev, interface="tf")
def real_disc_circuit(phi, theta, omega, disc_weights):
real([phi, theta, omega])
discriminator(disc_weights)
return qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(2))
@qml.qnode(dev, interface="tf")
def gen_disc_circuit(gen_weights, disc_weights):
generator(gen_weights)
discriminator(disc_weights)
return qml.expval(qml.PauliZ(2))
QGAN cost functions¶
There are two cost functions of interest, corresponding to the two stages of QGAN training. These cost functions are built from two pieces: the first piece is the probability that the discriminator correctly classifies real data as real. The second piece is the probability that the discriminator classifies fake data (i.e., a state prepared by the generator) as real.
The discriminator is trained to maximize the probability of correctly classifying real data, while minimizing the probability of mistakenly classifying fake data.
The generator is trained to maximize the probability that the discriminator accepts fake data as real.
def prob_real_true(disc_weights):
true_disc_output = real_disc_circuit(phi, theta, omega, disc_weights)
# convert to probability
prob_real_true = (true_disc_output + 1) / 2
return prob_real_true
def prob_fake_true(gen_weights, disc_weights):
fake_disc_output = gen_disc_circuit(gen_weights, disc_weights)
# convert to probability
prob_fake_true = (fake_disc_output + 1) / 2
return prob_fake_true
def disc_cost(disc_weights):
cost = prob_fake_true(gen_weights, disc_weights) - prob_real_true(disc_weights)
return cost
def gen_cost(gen_weights):
return -prob_fake_true(gen_weights, disc_weights)
Training the QGAN¶
We initialize the fixed angles of the “real data” circuit, as well as the initial parameters for both generator and discriminator. These are chosen so that the generator initially prepares a state on wire 0 that is very close to the \(\left| 1 \right\rangle\) state.
phi = np.pi / 6
theta = np.pi / 2
omega = np.pi / 7
np.random.seed(0)
eps = 1e-2
init_gen_weights = np.array([np.pi] + [0] * 8) + \
np.random.normal(scale=eps, size=(9,))
init_disc_weights = np.random.normal(size=(9,))
gen_weights = tf.Variable(init_gen_weights)
disc_weights = tf.Variable(init_disc_weights)
We begin by creating the optimizer:
opt = tf.keras.optimizers.SGD(0.4)
In the first stage of training, we optimize the discriminator while keeping the generator parameters fixed.
cost = lambda: disc_cost(disc_weights)
for step in range(50):
opt.minimize(cost, disc_weights)
if step % 5 == 0:
cost_val = cost().numpy()
print("Step {}: cost = {}".format(step, cost_val))
Out:
Step 0: cost = -0.05727693438529968
Step 5: cost = -0.2634810581803322
Step 10: cost = -0.42739150300621986
Step 15: cost = -0.4726157411932945
Step 20: cost = -0.48406897485256195
Step 25: cost = -0.48946385085582733
Step 30: cost = -0.4928187355399132
Step 35: cost = -0.49494922906160355
Step 40: cost = -0.4962702915072441
Step 45: cost = -0.4970718249678612
At the discriminator’s optimum, the probability for the discriminator to correctly classify the real data should be close to one.
print("Prob(real classified as real): ", prob_real_true(disc_weights).numpy())
Out:
Prob(real classified as real): 0.9985871016979218
For comparison, we check how the discriminator classifies the generator’s (still unoptimized) fake data:
print("Prob(fake classified as real): ", prob_fake_true(gen_weights, disc_weights).numpy())
Out:
Prob(fake classified as real): 0.5011128559708595
In the adversarial game we now have to train the generator to better fool the discriminator. For this demo, we only perform one stage of the game. For more complex models, we would continue training the models in an alternating fashion until we reach the optimum point of the two-player adversarial game.
cost = lambda: gen_cost(gen_weights)
for step in range(50):
opt.minimize(cost, gen_weights)
if step % 5 == 0:
cost_val = cost().numpy()
print("Step {}: cost = {}".format(step, cost_val))
Out:
Step 0: cost = -0.5833386555314064
Step 5: cost = -0.8915733397006989
Step 10: cost = -0.9784241914749146
Step 15: cost = -0.9946482479572296
Step 20: cost = -0.9984995126724243
Step 25: cost = -0.9995638430118561
Step 30: cost = -0.9998717308044434
Step 35: cost = -0.9999619722366333
Step 40: cost = -0.9999887645244598
Step 45: cost = -0.9999964833259583
At the optimum of the generator, the probability for the discriminator to be fooled should be close to 1.
print("Prob(fake classified as real): ", prob_fake_true(gen_weights, disc_weights).numpy())
Out:
Prob(fake classified as real): 0.9999986886978149
At the joint optimum the discriminator cost will be close to zero, indicating that the discriminator assigns equal probability to both real and generated data.
print("Discriminator cost: ", disc_cost(disc_weights).numpy())
Out:
Discriminator cost: 0.0014115869998931885
The generator has successfully learned how to simulate the real data enough to fool the discriminator.
Let’s conclude by comparing the states of the real data circuit and the generator. We expect the generator to have learned to be in a state that is very close to the one prepared in the real data circuit. An easy way to access the state of the first qubit is through its Bloch sphere representation:
obs = [qml.PauliX(0), qml.PauliY(0), qml.PauliZ(0)]
@qml.qnode(dev, interface="tf")
def bloch_vector_real(angles):
real(angles)
return [qml.expval(o) for o in obs]
@qml.qnode(dev, interface="tf")
def bloch_vector_generator(angles):
generator(angles)
return [qml.expval(o) for o in obs]
print(f"Real Bloch vector: {bloch_vector_real([phi, theta, omega])}")
print(f"Generator Bloch vector: {bloch_vector_generator(gen_weights)}")
Out:
Real Bloch vector: [-0.21694186 0.45048442 -0.86602521]
Generator Bloch vector: [-0.28404659 0.41893226 -0.86244404]
