(Clifford + T) Gate Set

Decomposing R_Z rotations

One of the challenges in decomposing an arbitrary circuit into a Clifford + T circuit is decomposing the Pauli rotations.

A single-qubit Pauli rotation can always be written as a series of the Clifford operations S, Hadamard and T.

Let us confirm the (Clifford + T) realization of R_Z\left(\frac{\pi}{128}\right) from the overview in the following code example.

import pennylane as qml
import numpy as np

H = qml.matrix(qml.Hadamard(0))
S = qml.matrix(qml.S(0))
T = qml.matrix(qml.T(0))

from functools import reduce

ops = eval(",".join("SHTHTHTHTHTHTHTSHTHTHTHTSHTHTHTHTHTSHTSHTHTHTHTHTSHTHTHTSHTSHTHTSHTSHTSHTHTHTHTSHTHTHTHTHTSHTSHTHTSHTHTSHTSHTSHTSHTHTSHTSHTSHTSHTHTHTSHTSHTSHTHTHTHTSHTHTSHTHTHTSHTHTHTHTSHTHTSHTHTSHTSHTSHTHTHTHTHTHTHTSHTHTSHTHTHTSHTSHTHTHTSHTSHTSHTHTSHTHTHTHTSHTSHTSHSSS"))

op = reduce(lambda x, y: x @ y, ops[::-1])

np.allclose(qml.matrix(qml.RZ(np.pi/128, 0)) * np.exp(-1j*np.pi/4)**7, op, atol=1e-10)
# True

Solovay-Kitaev algorithm

The Solovay-Kitaev algorithm lets us decompose an arbitrary single-qubit gate into Clifford and T gates [2]. It is implemented in PennyLane in the qml.ops.sk_decomposition.

For example, it recognizes a \pi/4 RZ rotation as a T gate.

>>> op = qml.RZ(np.pi/4, 0)
>>> qml.ops.sk_decomposition(op, 1e-10)
[T(0), GlobalPhase(array(0.39269908), wires=[])]

A rotation around X by the same angle yields a T gate transformed by a Hadamard.

>>> op = qml.RX(np.pi/4, 0)
>>> qml.ops.sk_decomposition(op, 1e-10)
[H(0), T(0), H(0), GlobalPhase(array(0.39269908), wires=[])]

Similarly, we can also decompose arbitrary single-qubit gates. For the sake of brevity, we target a very low precision.

>>> import scipy
>>> generator = np.random.RandomState(1).rand(2, 2)
>>> op_gen = generator.T @ generator # make Hermitian
>>> U = scipy.linalg.expm(-1j * op_gen)
>>> op = qml.QubitUnitary(U, wires=[0])
>>> decomp = qml.ops.sk_decomposition(op, 1)
>>> decomp
[Adjoint(T(0)),
 H(0),
 Adjoint(T(0)),
 H(0),
 Adjoint(T(0)),
 H(0),
 Adjoint(T(0)),
 GlobalPhase(array(0.86479715), wires=[])]
>>> matrix_sk = qml.prod(*reversed(decomp)).matrix()
>>> qml.math.allclose(op.matrix(), matrix_sk, atol=1)
True

Gridsynth algorithm

Gridsynth [3] is a more modern algorithm with better performance achieving the same goal of transforming arbitrary single-qubit operations into series of S, H and T gates [3]. It relies on the number-theoretic characterization of the single-qubit Clifford + T unitaries, which states that they have elements in the algebraic ring \mathbb{Z}\left[\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}, i\right]. This allows one to approximate a unitary by rounding it off into the ring, leading to decompositions of much lower depth than previously possible.

(Clifford + T) decomposition

An arbitrary quantum circuit can be decomposed into (Clifford + T) gates using the qml.clifford_t_decomposition transform. The target Clifford gates are

• Identity, PauliX, PauliY, PauliZ, SX, S, and Hadamard for single-qubit operations and
• CNOT, CY, CZ, SWAP, and ISWAP for two-qubit gates.

>>> @qml.transforms.clifford_t_decomposition
... def qfunc():
...     qml.Toffoli([0, 1, 2])
>>> print(qml.draw(qfunc)())

0: ───────────╭●───────────╭●────╭●─────╭●──T─┤  
1: ────╭●─────│─────╭●─────│───T─╰X──T†─╰X────┤  
2: ──H─╰X──T†─╰X──T─╰X──T†─╰X──T──H───────────┤